/PRNewswire/ -- The Network Branded Prepaid Card Association (NBPCA) is concerned that the interchange fee structure and network routing terms announced by the Federal Reserve in its proposed rulemaking will inevitably increase costs to consumers and issuers. Operational flaws, such as requiring prepaid gift cards and flexible spending account cards to include PIN-based debit, not only serve no purpose but also create inefficiencies, increase risk of fraud and unnecessarily raise costs.
Of particular concern to the prepaid card industry is the proposed rules do not clarify how the critical exemptions for government benefit cards and reloadable prepaid cards would be implemented by the card networks under the proposed interchange fee cap rule, as mandated by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act. This fact was noted during yesterday's meeting, when a Federal Reserve official acknowledged the proposed rule permits but does not require card networks to allow a higher interchange fee for government benefit cards, reloadable cards not marketed as gift, or cards issued by banks with less than $10 billion in revenue. The official added if it becomes problematic for the card networks to implement the exemptions, then the lower interchange rate would apply.
"At a time of historic economic hardship, millions of Americans rely upon government benefit cards and reloadable prepaid cards as a secure, convenient, non-stigmatizing payment tool to make everyday purchases," said Kirsten Trusko, NBPCA President and Executive Director.
"NBPCA looks forward to submitting comments to the Federal Reserve and hopes it will clarify how exemptions will be handled in its final rule. Failure to do so could reduce the availability of prepaid cards, resulting in a catastrophic impact on consumers and governments," added Trusko
Financial institutions offer government benefit cards to states at little to no cost because they receive revenue primarily from the debit interchange. Nearly every state in the nation (47 states) either uses prepaid cards or is in the process of setting up programs to administer a variety of benefits, such as unemployment and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) to millions of needy Americans.
The US Treasury dispenses Social Security benefits through its Direct Express government benefit card. Not only do states save money from check related costs, which is critical at a time when states are experiencing huge budget deficits, but consumers benefit from receiving their funds more efficiently and quickly through this electronic payment tool. Without the exemption from the lower debit interchange fee, it is likely banks will be forced to reduce or eliminate the availability of government benefit cards to nearly every state in the nation.
Millions of unbanked and underbanked individuals also rely upon prepaid cards to participate in our card based economy. It is quite probable if these cards aren't exempted from the interchange fee cap, prepaid card users will be subject to merchant minimums for credit cards because clerks could confuse the cards with credit cards and deny prepaid cardholders from making basic purchases like milk and eggs.
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Friday, December 17, 2010
Fed Proposed Debit Interchange Fee Cap Rule Could Have Unintended Consequences for Government Benefit Cards, Flexible Spending Accounts and Reloadable Prepaid Cards
Friday, September 17, 2010
Taxpayers Will See Relief By Way of Inflation-Adjusted Indexing, But Total Tax Impact Remains Unclear, CCH Says
/PRNewswire/ -- Taxpayers stuck in the current economic downturn will get at least some relief in 2011 thanks to the mandatory upward inflation-adjustments called for under the tax code, according to CCH, which today released estimated income ranges for each 2011 tax bracket. CCH also projects the growing number of other inflation-sensitive tax figures, such as the personal exemption and the standard deduction.
"Indexing for inflation has become an established part of our tax system, and it's likely to be a part of the tax law for the foreseeable future even as Congress debates changes to the tax rates themselves," according to George Jones, JD, CCH Senior Federal Tax Analyst.
Projections this year, however, are clouded by the uncertainty of expiring provisions in the tax code. If Congress allows the tax cuts within Economic Growth and Tax Relief and Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) to expire as called for at the end of 2010, many taxpayers could lose more ground than they will otherwise gain.
When there is inflation, indexing of brackets lowers tax bills by including more of people's incomes in lower brackets - in the existing 15-percent rather than the existing 25-percent bracket, for example. The formula used in indexing showed a relatively small amount of inflation this year, just under 1.5 percent. However, this is far greater in comparison to the 0.18 percent inflation factor used to set 2010 tax amounts. Therefore, while 2010 inflation-adjusted amounts in many cases stayed flat as a result, most 2011 figures will move higher.
For 2011, however, the big question is not whether the brackets will continue to increase because of inflation - they will. Rather, it is what tax rates will be applied against those brackets. The current 10-, 15-, 25-, 33- and 35-percent rates are now scheduled to sunset to the pre-EGTRRA rate structure of 15, 28, 31, 36 and 39.6 percent. In addition, there are two possible alternative scenarios being debated by lawmakers:
-- Extend the current tax bracket structure in its entirety; or
-- As the proposal from President Obama calls for, keep the current rate
structure except revive the 36- and 39.6-percent rates, starting at a
higher income bracket level; he would also amend the standard
deduction so that it does not revive the marriage penalty that had
been in place prior to EGTRRA.
In other words, Jones noted, it gets complicated quickly without knowing yet which approach Congress will take.
"While we were looking at the very real possibility of deflation in the tax adjustment required under the tax code last year, this year we are 'back to normal' in the sense that the expected upward adjustment in tax benefits from 2010-2011 are taking place," said Jones. "The only wildcard remains how Congress will deal with the sunsetting provisions. We may not know that until a possible lame-duck session of Congress this December."
The examples below show the modest tax savings generated by indexing and how they would be reversed if the EGTRRA tax cuts were to expire wholesale:
-- Because of inflation adjustments, a married couple filing jointly with
a total taxable income of $100,000 should pay $112.50 less in income
taxes in 2011 than they will on the same income for 2010 (compared to
only a $12.50 savings between 2009 and 2010). That savings remains
whether the EGTRRA tax cuts are fully extended or President Obama's
proposal is adopted. However, if the rates and marriage penalty relief
sunset entirely, the couple will end up paying $3,143 more in taxes in
2011.
-- A single filer with taxable income of $50,000 should owe $56 less next
year due to the adjustments (again, compared to only a $6.25 savings
between 2009 and 2010). However, once again, even with savings from
the inflation adjustments, a single filer will owe $834 more in 2011
than in 2010 on the same $50,000 amount if complete sunset of the
rates takes place.
-- For taxpayers with more than $379,150 in taxable income in both 2010
and 2011, the maximum savings from indexing the tax brackets for 2011
will be more dramatic. However, so will the additional tax that would
be owed under either a complete sunset of the EGTRRA tax cuts or
adoption of the Obama proposal, which would continue to give
high-income taxpayers the incremental benefit of the 10-percent rate
bracket as well as allow them an expanded 28-percent bracket.
Inflation-generated savings if all rates were extended would amount to
$330 for a single filer with $400,000 taxable income, for example.
However, that same taxpayer would pay an additional $11,394 under a
full sunset of the rates, and $5,080 more under the Obama proposal
above 2010 amounts.
Inflation Adjustments
Since the late 1980s, the U.S. tax code has required that federal income tax brackets be adjusted for inflation annually, and inflation adjustments have been inserted into the Internal Revenue Code in recent years with increasing frequency.
For example, the Code now requires over 50 other inflation-driven computations to determine deduction, exemption and exclusion amounts in addition to the 40 separate computations needed to inflation-adjust the tax bracket tables each year. In fact, the health care reform legislation passed earlier this year adds an even greater number of inflation-adjustments to the tax code, although health-related indexing won't start until 2013.
Most adjustments are based on Consumer Price Index figures for September through August immediately prior to the adjusted year. However, some inflation-adjusted figures are computed earlier and some later. For example, amounts such as the 2011 vehicle depreciation limits won't be available until 2011 (the $3,060 regular first-year amount for 2010 was not released until February 2010), while the standard business mileage rate (that is currently set at 50 cents for 2010) isn't expected to be computed for 2011 and released until December 2010.
CCH's projections for other indexed amounts are based on the relevant inflation data released September 17, 2010, by the U.S. Department of Labor.
The IRS usually releases official numbers by December each year. CCH tax bracket projections are provided for illustrative purposes only, and should not be used for income tax returns or other federal income tax related purposes until confirmed by the IRS later this year.
Some Items Not Indexed
Jones observed that some items in the Code are not indexed for inflation and stay the same, while others rise by dollar amounts already written into the tax law.
"The exemption amounts for the alternative minimum tax are not indexed, which means that each year Congress must either increase the amounts by statute or expose additional households to the AMT," Jones said.
For 2009, Congress set the AMT exemption amounts at $46,700 for single individuals and $70,950 for married couples filing jointly. Congress has relied on one- or two-year AMT patches to account for inflation from the initially set amounts of $33,750 and $45,000, respectively. However, there is no technical requirement under the tax code to increase those amounts for inflation. No amounts have been set yet for 2010, no less for 2011. While they are scheduled to revert to the default amounts of $33,750/$45,000 without action, the Obama administration tax proposals contemplate further increases.
Standard Deduction, Personal Exemption Rise
The standard deduction and personal exemption amounts are also subject to indexing; however, because of "rounding down," some years show no change at all. After very little movement in the 2010 amounts, 2011 will see a jump in all standard deduction levels. However, a wrinkle occurs if the EGTRRA sunset provisions move forward. In which case, the marriage penalty relief that has been built into the standard deduction for married couples filing jointly will be eliminated. Rather than double the standard deduction for unmarried single filers, the 2011 standard deduction for joint filers would drop by $1,750 to $9,650, even taking the past year's inflation into account.
Assuming that Congress will not let any of the standard deduction amounts sunset, however, the standard deduction for single taxpayers, heads of households and marrieds filing separately will all increase by $100 in 2011. The standard deduction for joint filers would rise by $200, to $11,600. Any increase in the standard deduction, of course, can produce lower taxes by decreasing the taxpayer's taxable income.
The additional standard deduction for those age 65 or older or who are blind will rise by $50 to $1,150 in 2011 for married individuals and surviving spouses, and by $50 to $1,450 for single filers. The personal exemption amount also gets bumped up by inflation by $50, to $3,700 in 2011.
Taxpayers have had to lose a good portion of the value of personal exemptions and itemized deductions when their incomes rise above certain levels, which have also been adjusted for inflation. For 2010, these "phaseouts" disappeared from the tax code, but only temporarily if Congress does not act. As part of the EGTRRA sunset, they are scheduled to return in 2011, with a personal exemption phase-out range starting at $254,350 for joint filers and $169,550 for single filers and a phase-out range for itemized deductions starting at $169,550 for all filers except married couples filing separately whose phase-out range for itemized deductions starts at $84,775.
"The removal of limitations on itemized deductions and personal exemptions, rather than indexing of brackets, will provide major tax savings in 2010 for many well-off taxpayers. The return of these limitations in 2011 would pose an equally important change in the reverse direction," Jones observed.
For a complete look at how income ranges for each tax bracket are projected to shift next, see the CCH chart below.
"Kiddie" Deduction, Gift Tax Exemption
In general, inflation adjustments are rounded to the next-lower multiple of $50, so if the adjustment produces an increase of less than $50, no increase is made. The "kiddie" deduction, used on the returns of children claimed as dependents on their parents' returns, increased only five times in the years 2001 through 2010. It last rose for the 2009 tax year. For 2011 the deduction will remain at that $950 level.
The Code only allows the gift tax exemption to rise when the inflation adjustment would produce an increase of $1,000 or more. The last increase occurred in 2009, when it rose to $13,000. It remains there for 2011.
CCH 2011 TAX PROJECTIONS*
Married Filing Jointly (& Surviving Spouse)
Tax
Rate 2011 Taxable Income
Complete Full
Sunset Extension
10% n/a $0-$17,000
15% $0-$57,650 $17,000-$69,000
25% n/a $69,000-139,350
28% $57,650-$139,350 $139,350-$212,300
31% $139,350-$212,300 n/a
33% n/a $212,300-$379,150
35% n/a $379,150+
36% $212,300-$379,150 n/a
39.6% $379,150+ n/a
Tax 2010 Taxable
Rate 2011 Taxable Income Income
Obama
Proposal
10% $0-$17,000 $0-$16,750
15% $0-$69,000 $16,750-$68,000
25% $69,000-$139,350 $68,000-$137,300
28% $139,350-$237,300 $137,300-$209,250
31% n/a n/a
33% n/a $209,250-$373,650
35% n/a $373,650+
36% $237,300-$379,150 n/a
39.6% $379,150+ n/a
Unmarried Individuals (other than surviving spouses and heads of
households)
Tax Rate 2011 Taxable Income
Complete Sunset Full Extension
10% n/a $0-$8,500
15% $0-$34,500 $8,500-$34,500
25% n/a $34,500-$83,600
28% $34,500-$83,600 $83,600-$174,400
31% $83,600-$174,400 n/a
33% n/a $174,400-$379,150
35% n/a $379,150+
36% $174,400-$379,150 n/a
39.6% $379,150+ n/a
2010 Taxable
Tax Rate 2011 Taxable Income Income
Obama Proposal
10% $0-$8,500 $0-$8,375
15% $8,500-$34,500 $8,375-$34,000
25% $34,500-$83,600 $34,000-$82,400
28% $83,600-$195,550 $82,400-$171,850
31% n/a n/a
33% n/a $171,850-$373,650
35% n/a $373,650+
36% $195,550-$379,150 n/a
39.6% $379,150+ n/a
Head of Household
Tax Rate 2011 Taxable Income
Complete Sunset Full Extension
10% n/a $0-$12,150
15% $0-$46,250 $12,150-$46,250
25% n/a $46,250-$119,400
28% $46,250-$119,400 $119,400-$193,350
31% $119,400-$193,350 n/a
33% n/a $193,350-$379,150
35% n/a $379,150+
36% $193,350-$379,150 n/a
39.6% $379,150+ n/a
2010 Taxable
Tax Rate 2011 Taxable Income Income
Obama Proposal
10% $0-$12,150 $0-$11,950
15% $12,150-$46,250 $11,950-$45,550
25% $46,250-$119,400 $45,550-$117,650
28% $119,400-$216,400 $117,650-$190,550
31% n/a n/a
33% n/a $190,550-$373,650
35% n/a $373,650+
36% $216,400-$379,150 n/a
39.6% $379,150+ n/a
Married Individuals Filing Separate Returns
Tax Rate 2011 Taxable Income
Complete Sunset Full Extension
10% n/a $0-$8,500
15% $0-$28,825 $8,500-$34,500
25% n/a $34,500-$69,675
28% $28,825-$69,675 $69,675-$106,150
31% $69,675-$106,150 n/a
33% n/a $106,150-$189,575
35% n/a $189,575+
36% $106,150-$189,575 n/a
39.6% $189,575+ n/a
2010 Taxable
Tax Rate 2011 Taxable Income Income
Obama Proposal
10% $0-$8,500 $0-$8,375
15% $8,500-$34,500 $8,375-$34,000
25% $34,500-$69,675 $34,000-$68,650
28% $69,675-118,650 $68,650-$104,625
31% n/a n/a
33% n/a $104,625-$186,825
35% n/a $186,825+
36% $118,650-$189,575 n/a
39.6% $189,575+ n/a
Standard Deduction Amounts
Filing Status 2011** 2010 Increase
Married Filing
Jointly (&
Surviving
Spouse) $9,650 (with marriage $11,400 (-$1,750)
penalty relief
sunset);
$11,600 (without marriage
penalty relief
sunset) $11,400 $200
Married Filing
Separately $4,825 (with marriage $5,700 (-$875)
penalty relief
sunset)
$5,800 (without marriage
penalty relief
sunset $5,700 $100
Single $5,800 $5,700 $100
Head of
Household $8,500 $8,400 $100
**A marriage penalty exists when the combined tax liability of a
couple filing a joint return is greater than the sum of the tax
liabilities each would have if they were unmarried. If the EGTRRA
sunset takes effect, it will trigger a marriage penalty with the
basic standard deduction for married individuals filing joint
returns dropping considerably.
Standard Deduction for Dependents ("Kiddie" Standard Deduction)
2011 2010 Increase
$950 $950 $0
Income Level at Which 3-Percent Itemized Deduction Limitation Takes
Effect (Adjusted Gross Income)
2011(with
Filing Status sunset) 2010*** 2009
Married Filing
Jointly $169,550 n/a $166,800
(& Surviving
Spouse)
Married Filing
Separately $84,775 n/a $83,400
Single $169,550 n/a $166,800
Head of Household $169,550 n/a $166,800
*** For 2010, these limitations disappeared from the tax code; if the
limitation rules under EGTRRA are allowed to sunset, the above rates
will apply for 2011.
Personal Exemption Amounts
2011 2010 Increase
$3,700 $3,650 $50
Threshold for Personal Exemption Phaseout
2011(with
Filing Status sunset) 2010**** 2009
Married Filing
Jointly $254,350 n/a $250,200
(& Surviving
Spouse)
Married Filing
Separately $127,175 n/a $125,100
Single $169,550 n/a $166,800
Head of
Household $211,950 n/a $208,500
**** For 2010, these "phaseouts" disappeared from the tax code; if
the phaseout rules under EGTRRA are allowed to sunset, the above
phaseout levels will apply for 2011.
Gift Tax Exemption
2011 2010 Increase
$13,000 $13,000 $0
Income Limit for Full Roth IRA Contribution
Filing Status 2011 2010 Increase
Married
Filing
Jointly $169,000 $167,000 $2,000
Single $107,000 $105,000 $2,000
Income Limit for Full Roth IRA Contribution
Filing Status 2011 2010 Increase
Married Filing Jointly $169,000 $167,000 $2,000
Single $107,000 $105,000 $2,000
* These numbers are projected for the 2011 tax year and have not been confirmed by the Internal Revenue Service. CCH, a Wolters Kluwer business (CCHGroup.com) is the leading global provider of tax, accounting and audit information, software and services. It has served tax, accounting and business professionals since 1913.
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Monday, February 9, 2009
What You Need To Know About Dependents And Exemptions
(SPM Wire) It's that time of year again, when having dependents is a good thing for your wallet.
Before you claim all those dependents on your tax return, however, you need to make sure you're doing so correctly.
Here are some of the top things you'll need to know, from the experts at the IRS:
Dependents may be required to file their own tax return. Even though you are a dependent on someone else's tax return, you may still have to file your own tax return. Whether or not you must file a return depends on several factors, including: the amount of your unearned, earned or gross income, your marital status, any special taxes you owe and any advance Earned Income Credit payments you received.
Exemptions reduce your taxable income. There are two types of exemptions: personal exemptions and exemptions for dependents. For each exemption you can deduct $3,500 on your 2008 tax return. Exemptions amounts are reduced for taxpayers whose adjusted gross income is above certain levels, which is determined by your filing status.
Dependents may not claim an exemption. If you claim someone as a dependent, such as your child, that dependent may not claim a personal exemption on their own tax return.
Your spouse is never considered your dependent. On a joint return, you may claim one exemption for yourself and one for your spouse. If you're filing a separate return, you may claim the exemption for your spouse only if he or she had no gross income, are not filing a joint return and were not the dependent of another taxpayer.
Some people cannot be claimed as your dependent. Generally, you may not claim a married person as a dependent if he or she files a joint return with their spouse. Also, to claim someone as a dependent, that person must be a U.S. citizen, U.S. resident alien, U.S. national or resident of Canada or Mexico for some part of the year. There is an exception to this rule for certain adopted children.
For more information on dependents and exemptions, including whether or not you or your dependent needs to file a tax return, read IRS Publication 501, entitled "Exemptions, Standard Deduction, and Filing Information" and available online at www.IRS.gov.
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