Will Small Business Jobs Act Boost Economic Growth?

The recently enacted Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 fulfills a promise U.S. President Barack Obama made to entrepreneurs soon after his election, pledging to create incentives aimed at encouraging small-business creation and growth.

Many experts agree that the package of finance and tax incentives represents some good news for small businesses struggling to cope with weak economic conditions. Although some faculty at Emory University and its Goizueta Business School and other observers praise the new initiative, others wonder if it will have the necessary impact to help jump-start the economy.

"Until now, large companies have been the biggest beneficiaries of stimulus programs and tax incentives," says Thomas Smith, an assistant professor in the practice of finance at Goizueta. "The accelerated tax write-offs featured in the new act are a good idea, since they’re aimed at incentivizing businesses to make capital purchases that can have a ripple effect throughout the economy."

Among other changes under the Small Business Jobs Act, companies can reduce their taxable income by immediately expensing the costs of certain kinds of newly acquired business assets, instead of depreciating them over their "useful life," a period of years determined by the Internal Revenue Service. Generally, companies like to expense their assets quickly as a way to significantly reduce their tax liability.

The asset write-offs, popularly known as Section 179 after the applicable part of the Internal Revenue Code, were previously limited to $250,000 in a given year. The new act raises the threshold to $500,000 of newly purchased assets per year, subject to certain limitations, during 2010 and 2011.

In another bid to get businesses to spend more, the act extends and revises the so-called bonus depreciation rules, which let taxpayers depreciate 50 percent of the cost of certain assets in the first year they are placed in service.

An earlier set of bonus depreciation rules expired at the end of 2009, but the new act extends it to assets placed in service through the end of 2010, and certain assets may qualify even if they are purchased and put into service through 2011.

Some observers have questioned the timing of the legislation, suggesting that few small business owners will risk making significant capital expenditures during the current downturn. They also complain that the bonus depreciation rules, while welcome, have such a limited timeframe that few businesses will not have enough time to plan and get financing for the capital purchases.

Smith, however, isn’t so sure about that.

"The fact is that machinery and equipment is either wearing out—or, in the case of computers and other technology-based assets—is becoming obsolete," he says. "Businesses that want to stay competitive aren’t likely to hold off on necessary purchases just because the economic recovery isn’t moving as quickly as they hoped. Obama’s responses to the recession may not all be perfect, but he’s moving in the right direction."

If Smith was hedging on his view of the tax incentives, another Obama initiative has his full support.

"I think the tax incentives were a good idea, but the $30 billion that’s being released to banks to stimulate small-business lending is even better," he says. "Many small business owners I’ve spoken with have complained that they’ve wanted to take advantage of expansion and other opportunities, but simply couldn’t get loans to finance their plan."

Besides replacing aging assets, some business want to upgrade to more efficient machinery and equipment that can reduce their operating and other costs, adds Smith.

"It’s difficult to say with certainty exactly what the catalyst to spur business activity will be," Smith observes. "But we’ve got to try bold, new initiatives like these, as well as other strategies, to incentivize businesses to start hiring again. To do nothing would be myopic."

Perhaps, but this economy presents some unique challenges, says T. Clifton Green, an associate finance professor at Goizueta.


"Although the recession is officially over, we seem to be having the jobless recovery that people feared, in that unemployment is still very high," notes Green. "The idea behind the $30 billion government bank-loan program and the tax credit initiative is to get small businesses spending to expand their businesses and hire new people."

But large companies can easily borrow at historically low rates, "and they are not using the money to expand," he adds. "Rather than hiring, they're using new debt to buy back stock or replace old technology that they held off replacing during the recession. The recent behavior of large business suggests the small business act may not have the intended new hiring effect."

Indeed, William J. Carney, a chaired professor of corporate law at Emory, stresses that another administration initiative, healthcare reform, may have already undermined any benefit the Small Business Jobs Act may have provided.

"Congress meant well by pushing businesses to provide healthcare insurance," he says. "But it could be counterproductive to hiring, especially among low-wage employers who don't want to take on "Cadillac" insurance programs for minimum-wage workers. We've already seen pushback from McDonald's Corp. and other big employers that complained and are getting limited waivers."

Yet New York City entrepreneur and Goizueta graduate Brett Klasko believes that more credit access could boost businesses.

"Opening up the lending channels is a good idea," says Klasko, chief executive officer of the marketing firm Phinaz whose subsidiaries, Ticket Boosterand Investors Alley, focus on the sports and financial industries, respectively.

"The additional federal funding could give banks an incentive to lend," he adds.

If the effectiveness of this program and others is in debate, then how—or if—such legislation can stimulate a positive response with voters in the midterm elections is even murkier.

"I don’t know if this program and others will really help the Democrats much in the midterm elections," notes Klasko. "For example, the president has been pushing to let some or all of the Bush-era tax cuts expire, and I don’t think that’s a good idea, since it will end up hurting businesses."

Obama may hope that the administration’s most recent stimulus effort will help Democrats in the November elections, but Goizueta finance professor Tarun Chordia does not believe it will help the economy much.

"The act, like the previous "cash for clunkers" and "homebuyers’ incentive," might just move some activity forward," he says. "It might not really create new activity, and we’ll suffer the aftereffects later on."

In contrast to these "small fixes," there’s a real need to upgrade infrastructure, says Chordia. "We currently have spare capacity in the economy, and it is important that the right projects are funded. There is a large debate in economics between those who feel that government spending on infrastructure projects during downturns can help future GDP growth and those who feel that government spending is generally wasteful. It is probably true that projects funded for political reasons, just before the November elections, are likely to be wasteful.

Chordia believes that big issues like the hangover in the housing market will take at least two or three years to resolve, regardless of what the federal government does.

"This recession is different than past slumps," explains Chordia. "In this one, we’ve seen a broad retreat in asset prices, and it will take time to get supply and demand back into balance. At this point the motivation for the stimulus programs seems to be the November election."

From Knowledge@Emory

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Inept Repairs Leave Economy Stalling

When the Fed's Open Market Committee meets today (Aug 9), its economists will doubtless produce reams of data and theory aiming to explain why GDP growth is fading fast. But there is a very simple - and disturbing - reason why the recovery is sputtering out: The damage we did to our economy during the housing bubble and subprime crisis was far too severe to be fixed by the weak steps our government has taken in response. We tried to cheap out on the repairs to our economy, and they haven't held up.

The leading example is the bank bailout. Only one-third of the TARP funds even went to banks. Instead of using the money to clean the toxic waste out of bank vaults, the Treasury bought just enough bank stock to prop up their share prices. And the money came with almost no stipulations about how the banks could use it.

As a result, the banks aren't back to normal, judging by their anemic lending. Their balance sheets are still stuffed with decaying loans, and they nurse along existing borrowers instead of looking for new ones. Sure, the big banks have all paid back the TARP funds with interest, but so what? Ask the millions of creditworthy people who can't find banks willing to finance their homes or businesses whether the chump change that taxpayers made from TARP was worth it.

Because TARP didn't really fix the banks, the Fed had to step in and take over many of the credit markets they pulled out of, such as commercial paper and mortgage securities. This forced the Fed to use all its financial strength simply to prevent these financial markets from collapsing. That effort used up virtually all the Fed's capacity to do its main job: stimulate the economy.

And then there's the $800 billion stimulus package. Only about one-third of that was actually new spending, which is what it takes to get the economy moving. And this money is spread out over several years, further weakening the power of its economic punch. Another third of the stimulus was in the form of tax cuts, which didn't stimulate the economy because most households used the tax cuts to pay back old loans rather than buy new things. The remaining third mostly tried to replace spending that would have otherwise declined due to unemployment and falling state tax revenues. That is beneficial, but it's no stimulus.

And finally, there is the mortgage relief program. What mortgage relief program, you ask? Exactly. The government bumbled through a series of small and ineffective programs that have created more frustration and dashed hopes than real relief. One of the first steps the government took was to request a voluntary moratorium on foreclosures, which only pushed the foreclosures off to this year. During the moratorium, it tried a voluntary program that refinanced exactly one mortgage during its first six months. The successor program didn't even start until May 2009 and actually tries to avoid reducing the amount the borrower owes. It's no wonder that struggling homeowners would rather negotiate directly with their lenders - or play the default game and stall for time before foreclosure and eviction.

After the buy-now-and-pay-later economy crashed, we chose a buy-now-and-pay-later recovery. Well, it's time to pay. Unfortunately, we can't simply put the programs in place now that we should have implemented back in 2008, such as removing the toxic assets from the banks and passing a true $1 trillion fiscal stimulus. Consumers and firms have moved on, and the economy has changed.

But more importantly, government lost the initiative to take strong action. The Fed committed its resources to supporting the mortgage market. And public sentiment, exemplified by the tea party movement, has turned against further fiscal stimulus. Now we have to pay for the damage by living with lackluster economic growth - maybe years of it.

Will there be a double-dip recession? Probably not - but that would be one of the best things that could happen. The government would once again have reason to take bold action - and get it right this time.

By Connel Fullenkamp 

Connel Fullenkamp is director of undergraduate studies and an economics professor at Duke.

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Stimulus Programs Remain Untapped by Most Americans: AICPA Survey

/PRNewswire/ -- The overwhelming majority of Americans haven't taken advantage of the U.S. government's programs to stimulate the national economy, according to a survey conducted for the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants by Harris Interactive.

Nine out of 10 Americans (91 percent) said they haven't capitalized on the job stimulus plan covered under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the housing stimulus tax credit of 2009 and Cash for Clunkers.

The AICPA commissioned the survey in recognition of April as Financial Literacy Month. In 2007 the Institute began conducting an annual survey of Americans to determine their attitudes toward their finances.

"The government's stimulus efforts and the hard financial challenges people have faced over the past year emphasize the essential role financial literacy plays in our lives," said Carl George, immediate past chairman of the AICPA's National CPA Financial Literacy Commission, which seeks to help Americans become financially astute and achieve financial well-being. "Individuals can't always control the events that affect their finances, but they can learn to control their finances. We want everyone to understand that financial literacy can and should be a major part of their lifestyle."

Four percent of the survey respondents said they've taken advantage of the housing tax credit to buy their first home. That figure represents 5.1 million Americans(1). The housing stimulus tax credit, which now includes homebuyers who've owned their previous residence for five years and are seeking a new principal home, expires on April 30.

Only 2 percent said they applied for jobs through the stimulus program, and another 2 percent received rebates when purchasing new cars through Cash for Clunkers, the 2009 legislation that encouraged citizens to replace their gas-guzzling cars with more fuel-efficient vehicles. The U.S. government reported creating 608,000 jobs in the fourth quarter of 2009. The government also reported that Cash for Clunkers resulted in the sales of 680,000 vehicles.

The CPA profession's financial literacy efforts encourage Americans to educate themselves and consider all financial decisions in the context of their individual circumstances, George said. "Americans potentially interested in a housing stimulus credit must consider basic questions: What does the program offer? How do the provisions relate to their own personal situations? Can they afford the mortgage payments even after the stimulus credit? What is the overall financial commitment? Does it make sense for them to apply?"

Sixty percent of Americans said they were delaying major decisions because of financial concerns. Interestingly, out of a list of nine, buying an automobile is the most common financial decision Americans are putting on hold (27 percent). Buying a home ranked fourth, behind "some other major purchase or decision" and medical procedures.

The National CPA Financial Literacy Commission oversees two programs to help Americans achieve financial well-being. The first, 360 Degrees of Financial Literacy (www.360financialliteracy.org), educates Americans on how financial issues affect them at 10 life stages, from childhood to retirement. The free Web site, devoid of all marketing and advertising, includes tools and articles on homeownership and financial considerations of a job search.

A second campaign, Feed the Pig (www.feedthepig.org), created with the Advertising Council, encourages Americans aged 25 to 34 to begin preparing for long-term financial security. Ad Council research has shown that individuals who have seen or heard a Feed the Pig public service announcement are more likely to change their financial behavior for the better.

Methodology

In an effort to understand how the economic crisis has affected behaviors and attitudes among the general public, the AICPA participated in the Harris Interactive March 2010 Harris Poll Quorum telephone omnibus study. The interviewing took place from March 17 to 21, 2010. The Harris Poll Quorum is a bi-monthly survey among 1,009 U.S. adults ages 18 and older.

(1) Based on a total of 129,065,264 housing units as reported by the U.S. Census Annual Estimates of Housing Units as of J uly1, 2008.

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INPUT Issues New Report Card on Economic Stimulus Package

(BUSINESS WIRE)--INPUT, the leading authority on government business, today announced an updated Report Card grading the Obama Administration on its execution of stimulus package objectives for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009. The new grades were issued based on the release of the much anticipated recipient reports required by the ARRA. They cover four key recovery areas: Speed of Spending, Job Creation, Transparency & Reporting, and Contracting Effectiveness.

Since its first Report Card in June, which graded the Obama Administration on its execution of stimulus objectives during the first 100 days of the ARRA, INPUT has made noteworthy updates to its evaluation. Contracting Effectiveness received the most improved grade, moving from a C- to a B based on federal agencies’ significant improvement in the use of fixed price contracts and in the percentage of contract awards to small businesses. Transparency and Reporting also rose from a D to a C-, still leaving significant room for improvement to address late reporting and a lack of transparency surrounding grants applications for many programs. Speed of Spending continued to receive INPUT’s highest grade, earning a B+ based on the federal government’s adeptness in dispensing a tremendous amount of money very quickly. Meanwhile, Job Creation again received an Incomplete.

“The federal government has continued to dispense stimulus money at a record pace,” said Timothy Dowd, CEO of INPUT. “However, questions still remain about how that spending is translating into new jobs. While INPUT’s latest report card points to some noteworthy areas of improvement in the Administration’s execution on the stimulus, there is still much work to be done to address shortcomings across all key recovery areas.”

Speed of Spending: B+

In Vice President Biden’s first Quarterly Report to the President on Implementing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, he stated that the President had set a goal of spending $350 billion by Sept. 30, 2010. In order to achieve that goal, the federal government needs to spend $4.16 billion per week. The Administration’s speed of spending has remained nearly the same as INPUT’s last scorecard, averaging $3.6 billion per week. At its current pace, the administration will spend $305.2 billion by September 30 of next year, achieving 87% of its previously stated goal.

Job Creation: Incomplete

President Obama promised 3.5 million to 4.0 million jobs would be created or saved with the passage of the Recovery Act. While recently released recipient reports put that number at 640,329 eight months after the ARRA’s enactment, the unemployment rate has risen from 8.9 percent to 9.8 percent during the same period. Additionally, 2.6 million people have lost their jobs since March and 512,000 new unemployment claims were filed during the week ending October 31, 2009.

Despite the recent release of initial recipient reporting, INPUT continues to believe that accurate reporting of job creation is ultimately unknowable because of the number of recipients reporting, the complexity of the reports, the definition of a saved job, and recipients were allowed to use a calculation when they were unable to provide actual data. As a result, INPUT once again gave the Administration an Incomplete for Job Creation.

Meanwhile, recipient reporting has shown that the cost of each job created varies wildly from state to state. For example, the cost per job created or saved in Pennsylvania was $488,930, compared to $41,475 in Montana.

Perhaps the most troubling issue is the concentration of created or preserved jobs in the public sector. Based on its analysis of recipient reports, INPUT discovered that more than half of the total number of jobs created are in the areas of education, criminal justice, corrections and public administration. There are serious concerns about what happens to these jobs when stimulus money runs out and states are still faced with nearly $200 billion in budget gaps.

Transparency and Reporting: C-

INPUT has raised the Administration’s grade for reporting and transparency from a D to a C-. Each new report has been late, based on the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) initial guidance, and the data quality of each new report has been poor upon release. However, over time the quality and completeness of previous reports has improved and INPUT expects this trend will continue. A major area of disappointment continues to be the lack of transparency surrounding applications for many of the grant programs funded by the Recovery Act.

“INPUT encourages the Administration to reconsider its approach with respect to publication of grant applications,” said Dowd. “By allowing citizens access to grant applications before the awards are made and the opportunity to comment on those applications, federal agencies could truly be taking a proactive approach to combating fraud, waste and abuse.”

Effectiveness of Contracting: B

According to INPUT’s latest analysis, federal contracting officials have substantially improved their performance in the use of fixed price contracts, small business involvement, and the establishment of new contracts. As a result, INPUT has raised the Administration’s grade for Effectiveness of Contracting from a C- to a B.

To date, the federal government has awarded 48 percent of the reported contract obligations using fixed price contracts, a 30 percent increase over INPUT’s initial report card. In addition, 86 percent of the reported contract obligations are being channeled through competitive contracts. Almost 70 percent of the reported obligations have been issued against contracts that were already in place prior to passage of ARRA. This is a significant improvement from the 94 percent use of existing contracts in June.

In addition, nearly 27 percent of the contracting dollars awarded have been to small businesses, 4 percent above the government-wide goal of 23 percent and a substantial increase from the 11 percent reported in June. With the small businesses creating 60 percent of the net new jobs since the mid 1990s, the Administration’s pattern of spending in this sector bodes well for job growth.

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New Tax Law Changes Can Help Millions of Taxpayers Save Money

/PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- As we near the final days of 2008, what continues to weigh heavy on the minds of many people is the slowing U.S. economy -- unemployment has reached the highest percentage in years at 6.7 percent*, layoffs and business closures continue and the housing market remains weak. This year, lawmakers have passed more than a hundred new tax law changes intended to help millions of individual taxpayers. Jackson Hewitt Tax Service(R) encourages taxpayers to find out how these new tax credits and deductions can help lower their individual tax liability and possibly put more money back in their pockets this tax season.

"With more than a hundred pro-taxpayer credits and deductions, many taxpayers will qualify for new benefits that may not have been available last year," said Mark Steber, vice president of tax resources at Jackson Hewitt Tax Service. "Taxpayers affected by these changes could see significant savings, and with the current recession, it is even more important that taxpayers get all of the tax benefits they deserve."

Tax Law Changes
Steber outlines some money-saving tax law changes for 2008, including:

-- Economic Stimulus Payment and Recovery Rebate Credit: This initiative
is a two-phased program consisting of the economic stimulus payment
and the recovery rebate credit. Phase one was the economic stimulus
payment which was an advanced payment of the projected amount of
recovery rebate credit available on the taxpayer's 2008 return. Phase
two is the 2008 component of the program, so taxpayers who did not
receive their full economic stimulus payment in 2008 may qualify for
the remainder as a Recovery Rebate Credit on their 2008 tax returns.
For example, Jane, a single taxpayer, filed her 2007 tax return in
February 2008. She filed single, without children, and received a
$600 economic stimulus payment. In November, Jane gave birth to a
baby girl. Because she had a child in 2008, Jane may be eligible for
an additional $300 credit when she files her 2008 tax return and
claims her child as a dependent.

-- Mortgage Debt Forgiveness Relief Act: Homeowners who experienced
foreclosure on their primary home can exclude the cancelled debt
amount from their taxable income. For example, a married couple
filing jointly with an adjusted gross income (AGI) of $35,000, and a
home foreclosure that includes $10,000 in cancelled debt, could
decrease their tax liability by $1,500 under this act. In the past,
the $10,000 of cancelled debt would have been considered taxable
income to the individual that owed the debt. The home must meet the
following criteria:
-- It must be the taxpayer's main residence
-- The amount of debt forgiven cannot exceed $2,000,000
-- The loan must have been used to buy, build or substantially
improve the home.

-- Housing Assistance Tax Act: Taxpayers who pay real estate taxes and
are not otherwise eligible to itemize deductions can increase their
standard deduction amount by the lesser of:
-- Real estate taxes paid in 2008 OR
-- $500 ($1,000 if married filing jointly)


For example, a married couple filing jointly with an income of $28,000 that did not itemize their tax return but paid $1,200 in real estate taxes in 2008 could increase their standard deduction amount by $1,000. This additional standard deduction would decrease their tax liability by $100.

-- Additional Child Tax Credit: The Additional Child Tax Credit is a
refundable credit. This year, the income threshold has been decreased
to $8,500 from $12,050, allowing certain taxpayers to qualify for up
to $533 more per child in a potential refund. For example, a single
parent with two children and an income of $15,000 would receive a
refund of $5,799. Before the change, the potential refund amount
would have been $5,266.

-- First Time Homebuyers Credit: Taxpayers who purchased a new home for
the first time after April 8, 2008, may qualify for a refundable
credit up to $7,500. Part of the American Housing Rescue and
Foreclosure Prevention Act, this refundable tax credit works like an
interest-free loan for all qualified taxpayers. The credit must be
paid back in equal parts over a period of 15 years beginning in 2010.

Extending expired tax benefits
Lawmakers also extended several expired tax benefits, including:
-- Tax-free charitable donations for taxpayers 70.5 or older who choose
to direct up to a $100,000 donation from a traditional or Roth IRA
directly to a charitable organization.
-- A two-year extension of the Educator Expense Deduction which allows
teachers an above-the-line tax deduction of up to $250 for
out-of-pocket classroom expenses.
-- A two-year extension of the Qualified Tuition Deduction which allows
students to directly deduct up to $4,000 of qualified tuition and fees
paid to a college or trade school.
-- A two-year extension to the sales tax deduction. Taxpayers can claim
the greater of their state and local income taxes paid or their state
and local sales taxes paid when itemizing deductions. This is of
particular interest to taxpayers that live in states with little or no
income tax and those that purchased high-ticket items during the year.


"These are just some of the changes in the tax laws this year," added Steber. "Taxpayers should consult a trained tax preparer this year in particular, to ensure they don't miss out on the benefits available as a result of these new credits and deductions or any other commonly overlooked deductions. Clearly it is even more important this year that taxpayers ensure they get back the money they deserve or keep more money in their pockets."

Unemployed in 2008

For those taxpayers who were unemployed in 2008, it is important to remember that unemployment compensation is taxable on federal and most state tax returns. Income tax is not automatically withheld from unemployment compensation, however, individuals can elect to have taxes deducted. If you did not have taxes withheld throughout the year, you may have a potential balance due when you file your 2008 income taxes.

For those taxpayers looking for a job during 2008, there are deductible costs they can claim if they itemize deductions, including:

-- Mileage costs accrued on a personal vehicle while job hunting
including trips to job interviews and to the unemployment office.
Between January 1, 2008, and June 30, 2008, taxpayers can claim 50.5
cents per mile. Between July 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008, taxpayers
can claim 58.5 cents per mile.
-- Costs for creating, printing and mailing a resume
-- Costs for a headhunter or job placement agency
-- Transportation costs such as a bus, taxi, train or plane to an
interview
-- Meals and lodging if out of town for an interview
-- Parking and tolls when driving to an interview
-- Long distance or mobile phone call charges directly associated with a
job search
-- Business research services
-- Physical exam expenses if required by a potential employer


If a taxpayer accepted a new job which required relocation, he or she may be able to deduct qualified moving expenses not reimbursed by the new employer. Taxpayers should keep receipts related to all moving expenses in order to substantiate these expenses.

For more information, including a list of the most commonly overlooked deductions, credits and updates on recent tax changes, visit www.jacksonhewitt.com.

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